Occupational Stress Factors among Female Educators in IPTA and IPTS in Malaysia: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Background: Occupational stress has become an increasingly important concern among educators in higher education institutions due to growing academic responsibilities, administrative demands, and workplace challenges. This study aimed to examine the occupational stress factors and perceived stress levels among female educators in public universities (IPTA) and private universities IPTS in Malaysia. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study design was employed involving 202 female educators from selected public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia. Data was collected through an online questionnaire comprising three sections: demographic information, occupational stress factors, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to identify stress levels and determine associations between occupational stress factors and perceived stress. Results: The findings indicated that the majority of respondents experienced moderate to high levels of perceived stress. The primary contributors to occupational stress were student discipline issues, job demand, job overload, financial problems, and job burnout. Female educators from the IPTA reported higher overall perceived stress levels, whereas those from the IPTS experienced greater stress related to burnout and job security. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between perceived stress levels and several occupational stress factors, particularly financial problems, job demand, and job overload. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that occupational stress is prevalent among female educators in Malaysian higher education institutions and is influenced by multiple work-related and personal factors. The findings underscore the need for higher education institutions to strengthen support systems, improve workload management strategies, and implement mental health promotion initiatives to enhance the psychological well-being and occupational health of female educators.